Flying Training

Unusual Attitudes and Recoveries | Instrument Flying

Flying Training, Instrument Flying

An unusual attitude is an airplane attitude not normally required for instrument flight. Unusual attitudes may result from a number of conditions, such as turbulence, disorientation, instrument failure, confusion, preoccupation with flight deck duties, carelessness in cross-checking, errors in instrument interpretation, or lack of proficiency in aircraft control. Since unusual attitudes are not intentional maneuvers […]

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Approach to Stall | Flight Maneuvers Using Analog Instrumentation

Flying Training, Instrument Flying

Practicing approach to stall recoveries in various airplane configurations should build confidence in a pilot’s ability to control the airplane in unexpected situations. Approach to stall should be practiced from straight flight and from shallow banks. The objective is to practice recognition and recovery from the approach to a stall. Prior to stall recovery practice,

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Turns | Flight Maneuvers Using Analog Instrumentation

Flying Training, Instrument Flying

Standard Rate Turns A standard rate turn is one in which the pilot will do a complete 360° circle in 2 minutes or 3 degrees per second. A standard rate turn, although always 3 degrees per second, requires higher angles of bank as airspeed increases. To enter a standard rate level turn, apply coordinated aileron

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Straight Climbs and Descents | Flight Maneuvers Using Analog Instrumentation

Flying Training, Instrument Flying

Climbs For a given power setting and load condition, there is only one attitude that gives the most efficient rate of climb. The airspeed and climb power setting that determines this climb attitude are given in the performance data found in the POH/AFM. Details of the technique for entering a climb vary according to airspeed

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Straight and Level Flight | Flight Maneuvers Using Analog Instrumentation

Flying Training, Instrument Flying

Pitch Control The pitch attitude of an airplane is the angle between the longitudinal axis of the airplane and the actual horizon. In level flight, the pitch attitude varies with airspeed and load. For training purposes, the latter factor can normally be disregarded in small airplanes. At a constant airspeed, there is only one specific

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Airplane Attitude Instrument Flying

Flying Training, Instrument Flying

Using Analog Instrumentation Attitude instrument flying is defined as the control of an aircraft’s spatial position by using instruments rather than outside visual references. Today’s aircraft come equipped with analog and/or digital instruments. Analog instrument systems are mechanical and operate with numbers representing directly measurable quantities, such as a watch with a sweep second hand.

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Common Errors | Electronic Flight Display

Flying Training, Instrument Flying

Fixation Fixation, or staring at one instrument, is a common error observed in pilots first learning to utilize trend indicators. The pilot may initially fixate on the trend indicator and make adjustments with reference to that alone. Trend indicators are not the only tools to aid the pilot in maintaining the desired power or attitude;

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Scanning Techniques | Electronic Flight Display

Flying Training, Instrument Flying

Since most of the primary and supporting aircraft attitude information is displayed on the PFD, standard scanning techniques can be utilized. It is important to remember to include the stand-by flight instruments as well as the engine indications in the scan. Due to the size of the attitude instrument display, scanning techniques have been simplified

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Fundamental Skills | Electronic Flight Display

Flying Training, Instrument Flying

When first learning attitude instrument flying, it is very important that two major skills be mastered. Instrument crosscheck and instrument interpretation comprise the foundation for safely maneuvering the aircraft by reference to instruments alone. Without mastering both skills, the pilot is not able to maintain precise control of aircraft attitude. Instrument Cross-Check The first fundamental

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Learning Methods | Aircraft Electronic Flight Display

Flying Training, Instrument Flying

There are two basic methods utilized for learning attitude instrument flying. They are “control and performance” and “primary and supporting.” These methods rely on the same flight instruments and require the pilot to make the same adjustments to the flight and power controls to control aircraft attitude. The main difference between the two methods is

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